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0:00
Greetings, everyone!
0:05
Bill Nye here once again to answer your science questions.
0:07
This is Science Support, part 3.
0:09
James Ravel asks, “How come we know more about space than we do about our own ocean?
0:19
I heard that on the doc somewhere.”
0:23
Well, if you heard it on a documentary, James, I guess you're set.
0:23
No.
0:23
Okay, there's an old saying, but it's easier to explore the moon than the bottom of the ocean.
0:23
That's true for three reasons: the ocean is cold, it's crushing, and it's corrosive.
0:35
That's why it's easier with binoculars to explore the moon than it is with a scuba mask from a department store and just observe the bottom of the ocean.
0:52
Carry on, James.
0:52
David Blancheflower, BSc, he asks, “Now that tardigrades have settled on the moon, I wonder what their future holds.
0:57
Will they successfully rehydrate?
0:59
Can they flourish in thousands of years?
1:01
Will they build spaceships and return to Earth?”
1:02
Fascinating.
1:02
Oh, there's a picture.
1:04
He's got a picture of a tardigrade.
1:06
Tardigrades, also called the water-bearer, you can see them with your naked eye.
1:08
You said, "Nick, oh my God!"
1:13
Words settled.
1:13
I think crash landing in the harsh vacuum of space on a planetary body that has no atmosphere or liquid water, I think that's not the same as settling.
1:28
I don't think they're going to settle the moon, David.
1:26
Carry on.
1:28
Bill Nye, assuming a perfect scenario where general disasters don't occur, if the Earth stopped spinning, would we all feel dizzy?
1:34
I guess so.
1:42
Matt, at best, you'll probably be able to run.
1:38
Tony Phillips writes a climate change question: “As it gets hotter, more air conditioning is used, heating up the air even more.
1:46
Is there a way to cool indoor spaces without heating up the outdoors, especially in cities?”
1:51
Well, Tony, probably not, because what is the one thing you can count on in this universe?
1:58
That's right, Tony, the second law of thermodynamics: heat just spreads out, man.
2:03
So when you pump the heat out of this room or the balloon you're sitting on, putting it outside, the outside gets a little bit warmer.
2:15
But the scale of it, I hope, surprises you.
2:15
The amount of heat we pump out of buildings is nothing compared to the amount of heat that we're holding in by adding greenhouse gases to the Earth's atmosphere.
2:15
The heat island effect of cities is more from hardscape, paved surfaces, buildings are not soil, for example, and that's why cities are so hot.
2:15
The AC thing is a problem, but it's just the hardscape that gets us, and that flipping second law of thermodynamics.
2:15
I'm sorry.
2:15
Whoa, man, there's nothing we can do out there.
2:15
We got to deal.
3:10
It's entropy.
3:14
Entropy killing us all.
3:14
Hallow writes, “When will teleportation happen?”
3:14
I don't know.
3:14
Happens all the time in science fiction, but that's fiction.
3:14
No, it's just the information problem alone probably makes heliportation impossible.
3:14
Converting something like you into a beam of electromagnetic signals, it's very, very unlikely.
3:14
Just taking you apart and putting you back together would take extraordinary amounts of energy.
3:17
Elisa asks, “Honestly, I have a science degree and a partially completed doctorate, and I still have no idea what a neutron does.”
3:31
Okay, neutrons can make things massive, men, and if you fuse them together, you can release a whole bunch of energy, which we hope is the future.
3:35
Liam asks, “If the mantle is filled with lava, why aren't the oceans boiling or at least warmer than they are?”
3:42
There's a couple things.
3:45
First of all, that the oceans are not boiling and the Earth remains very warm inside is evidence of an aphorism I hope you will embrace, a saying, a way of looking at the world that I hope you, Liam, will take to heart: If things were any other way, things would be different.
4:05
And here's what we mean by that.
4:07
Indeed, the Earth does radiate a large amount, but relatively small amount of heat into the icy blackness of space.
4:15
The bottom of the ocean is the Earth's crust.
4:20
You've got to go down in there 10, 20, 30 kilometers in most places to get to the mantle.
4:21
Carry on, Liam.
4:29
Bill Nye, "If aliens were to fly by light-years away, would they see the dinosaurs of the Trojan War or something since light they see is so old?"
4:31
Yes, they would, Spurky.
4:34
Bill Nye, this is Drew asks, “Bill Nye, why does the moon reflect in one straight line when it hits the ocean?”
4:41
It may interest you to know that it reflects in all different directions when it hits the ocean.
4:41
Just you as the observer see a straight line.
4:41
And if you don't believe me, get your friends to stand in a line along the beach where you can call out to each other and ask each other if you each see a straight line, and then ask yourself, are they parallel?
4:41
Or if you don't trust your friends, and I don't blame you, set up cameras, take pictures along a kilometer or two.
4:41
Carry on, Drew.
4:41
Andrew Ralston says, “Okay, okay, I'll say how the planes work.”
4:41
And I presume by that, Andrew, you mean airplanes, because the carpenter's plane has a blade and you push it along, the carpenter pushes it along and peels up the wood.
5:30
But an airplane works like a bird.
5:33
You get the momentum of air molecules going down, it produces enough force to hold the wing up.
5:43
And the way you get air molecules going down is get the wing going fast.
5:43
What about a helicopter?
5:43
A helicopter is wings that are spinning, and the propeller blades, either the exposed ones that you might see on what we would call a propeller aircraft, or the turbine blades inside the tubes on a jet airplane, are going around in a circle and they're pushing air molecules back so fast that they push the airplane forward.
5:43
It's not magic, it's science.
5:43
Gogi Rossums asks, I'm doing my best to pronounce your name, Gojiro Sons, “Bill Nye, if we took all the animals out of the ocean, how much shallower do you think the ocean would get?
6:26
In other words, how much water do you animals displace?”
6:30
I'll bet it's less than you think.
6:33
Animals like you and I are mostly water.
6:35
Animals that live in the ocean are almost all water.
6:38
I don't think it would change that much.
6:41
Since you asked, "How much?"
6:50
I think my answer is not much.
6:46
Carry on, Gojiro Sons.
6:54
Drew asked, “Bill Nye, do you think aliens actually exist?”
6:54
So you want me to resist making a joke about my old boss?
6:58
I don't know if he was an alien.
7:02
There are 200 billion stars in our galaxy and there are at least that many galaxies.
7:10
When I was in school, it was speculated that there might be a planet, a single planet, around one in every hundred stars.
7:40
Now, with observations from Hubble Space Telescope, Kepler Space Telescope, other inferential methods, people think there are probably about 10 planets around every star.
7:40
So that's another factor of a thousand.
7:40
That takes you into the trillions in just our galaxy.
7:40
If you've got 2 trillion of anything, you've got to figure something's going to happen.
7:40
So there probably are aliens.
7:40
Do they centurion and do fabulous and important Twitter style podcasts?
7:40
I don't know, maybe.
7:40
Carry on, Aerobic and Reek, because he says, or she says, "The H is silent, are you an alien, Bill, sent here to educate the human race and save us from our own destruction?"
7:40
Yes, I am an alien, has been.
8:08
I've been sent here like the landing party that that one astronaut claims he believes in.
8:13
No, I'm not an M.
8:15
I'm one of you.
8:24
I'm one of us.
8:24
We're all in this together.
8:24
Links Shall Kill 89, “Bill Nye, how does fusion work?
8:24
Do you think we'll be able to have fusion power plants where we use nuclear power plants for 2050?”
8:22
Fusion works by overcoming what's called the strong nuclear force, the strong nuclear interaction.
8:30
And I believe it is quite reasonable we will have fusion not by running a stream of protons into deuterium or tritium.
8:36
Oh, no.
8:40
But by running a stream of neutrons into boron hydride gas.
8:42
Stay tuned.
8:49
KC Kuning writes, “Bill Nye, I've been fascinated and quite obsessed, parenthetically, with the alternate parallel universe theory.
8:52
Oh, you know, that theory, that theory about the alternate parallel universe.
9:01
So my question is this, if such a thing were to exist, would the laws of physics necessarily have to apply to every single universe?”
9:05
Well, so here's the thing, KC.
9:10
Let's just take history of physics for example.
9:10
People got by, they built pyramids, they built, they discovered round things roll, made wheels, all kinds of agriculture was developed without really formalizing the laws or rules of physics or natural laws.
9:30
And so people presumed that they knew what we call Newton's laws of motion were for centuries, and it was great, we made all sorts of progress.
9:34
But then relativity was discovered, and then quantum electrodynamics, and we refined the laws of physics.
9:40
People when you're sophomoric view of the world, the Isaac Newton was wrong, I think was pretty flipping right.
9:50
But then as we made more discoveries about the nature of mass and light and quantum electrodynamics, we refined it.
9:50
So I presume if another universe exists and it has what we might call different laws of physics, it doesn't mean that our laws of physics are necessarily wrong, it just means they're incomplete.
9:50
Every day we learn a little more.
9:50
Carry on, KC.
9:50
Brian Schmidt asks, “Didn't I hear we could get to the next habitable planet in a few years with this space sail, just need to sail the size of Texas in order to do it?”
9:50
A sail the size of Texas is not going to take us to another inhabitable planet in a few years, but solar sails such as LightSail 2 may revolutionize space exploration here in the solar system because we can go to extraordinary speeds with no rocket fuel.
10:39
There are certain missions that solar sails are ideal for.
10:41
Put a solar sail spacecraft at an inferior orbit closer to the sun than the Earth is and keep an eye out for asteroids or, maybe more importantly, coronal mass ejections from the sun, which send a beam of charged particles slashing through space toward the Earth, which could disable many, many of our communication systems.
11:03
So there are certain missions that solar sails are ideal for, but a Texas-sized one going to a nearby habitable planet is probably not among them.
11:19
And I remind you that it's not the solar wind, it's not particles streaming from the sun that give a solar sail spacecraft a push, it is light itself, photons.
11:19
There's about 100 times more pressure from photons than charged particles.
11:19
Fascinating.
11:13
I hope.
11:29
Carry on, Brian.
11:38
Bill Nye, “Do insects feel gravity the same way we do?”
11:35
Yes, the Spider-Man does whatever a spider can.
11:38
Of course, the spiders aren't insects, but he doesn't do it because his understanding of gravity is different, he does it because he's not real.
11:47
Thank you for your questions.
11:49
We'll be back with more Science Support number four coming soon.
11:53
And when it does, turn it up loud!