로딩 중...
영어학습소
영어학습소
홈
테디잉글리시
수능
Shadowing
재생 속도
0.5x
0.75x
1x
1.25x
1.5x
시작 지점을 클릭하세요
0:00
I'm Kat Jman, an archaeologist specializing in the Viking Age.
0:01
Let's answer your questions from the internet.
0:07
This is Viking support from @longerfish2K who knew that Vikings had cool nicknames.
0:15
I completely agree.
0:18
They really did have some very cool names.
0:30
Well, hopefully some were quite rude and offensive as well.
0:30
So Vikings had uh normal given names.
0:30
They didn't have surnames in the same way that we do.
0:30
They might have what we call patronymics so you could be the son of Thor or whoever, but after that they gave them some really good other names depending often on some quality that you had or a skill.
0:39
For example, I have a little list here of some of my favorite names.
0:44
We've got Ic, Ale Lover, Ktil Flatnose.
0:55
We have Olaf the Witch Breaker, Icin Foul Fart, and then we have Colin Butter Penis.
0:55
Some female names include Thid Sound Filler, Halard Twist Breaks, and Thorborg Ship Breast.
0:55
I guess it depends a little bit what your main qualities were, how people wanted to remember you.
0:55
From @DavidKrueger1, how violent were the Vikings?
1:16
Yes, they were very violent people, but they weren't actually the only ones.
1:20
Early medieval, this sort of whole period in Europe was a very violent one.
1:26
They were certainly very successful.
1:26
We know that they had really good battle techniques, they had really good weapons, but we also have to remember that a lot of the sources we have about the Vikings were written by their enemies.
1:26
Sometimes there's a little bit of a bias in those sources.
1:26
We do also know from a brand new study actually that back in Scandinavia, there's a difference between the different Vikings.
1:43
The Norwegian skeletons had far more injuries than the Danish ones.
1:49
In fact, about a third of the skeleton studies all had violent trauma to their bones, but only about 6% of the Danes.
1:57
They also had far more weapons in their graves which all points to a society that was extremely violent compared to others.
2:22
From @finas, so how accurate are the Vikings TV shows on Netflix?
2:22
They're not very accurate, but they are inspired by a lot of real events.
2:22
A lot of them are inspired by the sagas.
2:22
So for example, in the latest ones where you have King and Emma, there's a lot of the facts around these people that are really quite close to what we know happened from historical records.
2:22
There are other things that aren't quite right or that go a little bit too far.
2:22
One of those is the portrayal of women and female warriors.
2:22
Now, this is something that's quite big debate because certainly in the Vikings show, we have plenty of female warriors, in fact, entire army is made entirely just of women.
2:43
We do have records of what we call Shield Maidens, so they these sort of fighting women, but they're usually thought to be mythical.
3:02
We have female goddesses like Freya, for example, the goddess of warfare, you have the Valkyries up in Valhalla, for example, that sweep down onto the battlefield and take the fallen warriors up to Odin's Hall.
3:02
But do they really fight?
3:12
This is a so-called Baker Warrior Woman better known as BJ 581.
3:18
This is a grave that discovered quite a long time ago that we classified as a warrior grave.
3:22
It was an individual buried in a very rich grave full of every type of weapon imaginable.
3:27
Ancient DNA of this show that this individual was actually genetically female.
3:31
I think the likelihood is that it was possible for women to also take part in battle, but we really didn't have that many of them because we would have had more evidence, we would have more graves, female graves with weapons and with weapon injuries.
3:46
By Nick 727, did Vikings really sacrifice humans?
3:53
There are a couple of archaeological finds that suggest perhaps people did get sacrificed.
3:57
One of them is a site I worked on myself.
4:00
We have a very peculiar grave of four young children who are buried together right outside a huge communal grave that we associate with the Viking Great Army in the 9th century.
4:13
Chemical signatures in their teeth have shown that they've come from different places and they actually ate very different diets, but they died at exactly the same time and quite a few people have suggested perhaps this is one of those example where people were sacrificed.
4:25
We do have some written records that suggest that the Viking did actually practice this, this particularly rather horrific right.
4:37
So one record is from somebody called Adam of Bremen, who writes that he visited the Temple of Odin, Thor and Frey in Gamla Upsala in Sweden and there every nine years the people would sacrifice nine of each of the male species including humans.
4:55
Whether that's true or not, we don't really know.
5:04
Next question is from @ShafLopus, how do we know about the Vikings?
5:00
We don't really have many direct written sources from the Vikings themselves.
5:12
We do have record historical records that are contemporary from other people, typically their enemies are the people who accounted the Vikings that could be the Anglo-Saxons, for example.
5:18
Now they have to be taken sometimes with a pinch of salt.
5:22
Often they only really involve things like rulers, the battles, the bigger movements.
5:27
They don't tend to tell us very much about everyday events and a normal people.
5:33
The Vikings themselves did have a writing system, they had runes, but they were only used for very short inscriptions, so there's not really that much to get from them.
5:41
We do also have what we call sagas, kind of like historical fiction really, there are stories that are written about the Vikings mostly written down in Iceland in the 13 and 1400s several hundred years after the Viking age has finished.
5:57
They're typically also written through a very Christian Christian perspective when a lot of the Vikings were pagans, so we are getting a bit of a skewed idea about what the Vikings were about.
6:06
We then also have what I'm particularly interested in, which is the people themselves, so we can look at the human remains, we can look at the evidence from the bodies and the graves.
6:17
So that's where things like bioarchaeology comes in.
6:21
One really good example of this is the Viking Great Army Winter Camp of Repton in Darbyshire in England.
6:29
And we know about this one from written records.
6:29
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle tells us that this great army overwintered in Repton in the year 873.
6:29
Now archaeologists in the 80s actually found Viking graves at that specific site and one of them had an artifact, it had a Viking sword and also a Thor's hammer around his neck.
6:29
That's a pretty good sign that this was someone of Viking origin.
6:29
Radiocarbon dating actually tied him to that group to the 9th century, so that was perfect.
6:29
In my own research, I've been looking at this grave called Grave 511.
7:01
This man who seems to have been a warrior, possibly even a leader of the great army, he had lots of evidence in his body about violent injuries, some of them probably carried out with an axe.
7:13
And I was able to look at the isotopes from his teeth showing he most likely grew up in southern Scandinavia, quite possibly in Denmark.
7:22
Interestingly, he was buried next to a younger man and they had the same isotope ratios in their teeth showing they probably grew up in the same place.
7:31
And when we carried out ancient DNA analysis of these two bodies, we can actually show that they were related, but not just that, they were father and son.
7:41
All those sources about the Viking Age come together to tell this story about presumably a Viking leader and his son who both died round about the same time in Repton in England.
7:56
Michael Angelesque adds, what did Vikings do for fun?
7:56
They certainly had parties, they had feasts where they would quite enjoy drinking mead and beer and get quite drunk.
7:56
We know they did lots of other things.
7:56
We found ice skates and skis, psychological evidence for skis dating to the Viking Age, well they also had practical purposes.
7:56
Next question from someone with a bit of a Viking name here, that's @RagnarBelal, where did the Vikings go?
7:56
Vikings start out in Scandinavia, so Norway, Sweden and Denmark and from there they go all sorts of directions.
7:56
A lot of them go up to what is now Britain, across to Ireland.
7:56
We have those that go past the English Channel to France and Spain, some go across the North Atlantic over to Iceland and further beyond to Greenland and even North America.
7:56
And then again, others across the Baltic.
7:56
From there they go down these river routes in Eastern Europe, in what is now Russia, Ukraine, further down to the Mediterranean and then even further than that, we know that some made it all the way to the Caspian Sea and also overland to Baghdad.
8:56
So we really have a huge range of travel both north, south, east and west.
9:04
We know about this from a number of reasons.
9:06
We have runic inscriptions, especially in Sweden that actually tell us that people went to these specific places.
9:16
Elsewhere the archaeology is hugely informative, so when we for instance at L'Anse aux Meadows in North America find a site that has a very typical pattern of settlements of houses of artifacts that we know that we can associate with the Scandinavians, we can show that these people moved along.
9:16
It's also traded objects, so for instance, in my own research, I looked at a Carnelian bead found in England.
9:16
We got exactly the same beads in Scandinavia, we got them in Eastern Europe, but they come all the way from India and that tells us that the Vikings traded really far, they moved along these river routes and tapped into other networks like the Silk Roads for example.
9:59
From @fakelizardsquad, when did the Viking age begin?
9:59
So almost a bit of a trick question, seems to have a very easy answer, 8th of June 793 with the attack on the Lindisfarne that kicked off the entire Viking Age, but now we've actually been able to push back the start of the Viking Age even further than that to about 750 or so.
9:59
And this has come with a new discovery, a Viking ship in Salme in Estonia where lots of people died and were buried clearly killed as part of some kind of raid or attack dates back much further and interestingly also in the east and not in Western Europe as previously thought.
9:59
This question is from @ErredGiml, what is the technical difference between Norse and Vikings, aren't they from the same tribes?
9:59
Norse really is the language spoken and Vikings is the name that we've been given to these people who come out of Scandinavia in between the 8th and the 11th century.
9:59
We don't really know what these people called themselves, we're pretty certain they didn't call themselves the Vikings, but the name comes up quite a lot.
11:00
It actually has a couple of meanings and one of them is a person, an individual, and the other is a verb, it means essentially to go on a journey which could be a raid or it could be something a little bit more peaceful than that.
11:18
But this word Norse which is quite often used about the same people actually comes from the language that they spoke, so Old Norse which is the root of all the Scandinavian languages, so Norwegian, Swedish and Danish and as is Icelandic which is probably also the closest in sound to what Norse would have sounded like.
11:18
What happens if you settle somewhere else?
11:19
So if somebody comes from Scandinavia and settles in say England, how long do they speak Norse?
11:44
When do they swap over to England?
11:44
We don't really know.
11:44
The same sort of people that come out of Scandinavia and the countries that we call Norway, Sweden and Denmark, they come into play much later towards the end of the period, so we tend to just lump them all together really and call them all Vikings.
11:44
Next up is @GregStradamus, Vikings didn't use a compass while navigating their ships so how did they get to know where they were going?
12:07
There's a possibility they use something called Sunstones which would help to show where the sun was and so where north was and so on, but a lot of the time they're really just looking at their geography.
12:18
They're looking at the sea hugging the coastline quite often, so if you're going across from Scandinavia and over to Britain, you're taking the sort of shortest route so looking for sites of land going literally around the coastlines and knowing what the oceans are doing as you're moving around.
12:41
From @thegrimfrost, did Vikings smoke pot?
12:37
We have found evidence of cannabis seeds in fact in Scandinavia.
12:44
So there's a couple of places where we've found this.
12:51
One of them is one of my favorite graves is the Oseberg ship grave, one of these most spectacular huge big Viking ships.
12:53
It was actually the grave of two women, they had a lot of grave goods and one of these women had a little pouch and inside the pouch were found several little seeds of the cannabis plant.
13:08
Of course, what we don't know is how these seeds were used, presumably they were planted, they could have used them for smoking, they could have used the herbs medically or alternatively they could have been used for hemp.
13:21
We know that people make rope out of hemp.
13:29
At Asamota asks, watching Vikings Valhalla and wondering how they were just having unprotected sex and not afraid of disease or pregnancy, were there special Viking condoms?
13:29
I think the answer to that is no.
13:29
Just sort of hypothetically, if they did have any, they would be made of organic materials that don't actually last in the archaeological record, so even if they were, we probably wouldn't know.
13:45
Were they afraid of disease and pregnancy?
13:50
Almost certainly, yes, but we don't have any evidence of sexually transmitted diseases.
13:55
There are some that leave a trace in a skeleton like syphilis, for example, can actually be so severe that it makes huge alterations into the bones.
14:03
In terms of pregnancy, we don't know that they had any ways of dealing with that, but slightly less pleasant knowledge that we do have is the possibility that they carried out what we call infanticide.
14:14
We do have one written record which is quite interesting on this from an Islamic traveler, a man called al-Tarushi, who came from Spain.
14:26
He visited a town called Haithabu which is now right on the border between Denmark and Germany and he said that there unwanted babies for economic reasons were thrown in the sea.
14:26
Is that true or not?
14:26
We don't quite know, but probably the answer to the question is that yes, they were afraid, no, probably didn't have condoms and they may have had to deal with the unwanted babies rather than the pregnancy itself.
14:26
Next up, we have @VikingHistoric who asks, did Vikings use soap?
14:26
We have some records that they did use soap, possibly something made out of lye and animal fat.
14:26
More broadly, we know that they were really concerned with hygiene and especially things like their hair, very careful with washing their hair and combing their hair.
15:13
Now we know that both from written sources and from things like this, combs made of bone or antler.
15:22
There's one record from an Arabic traveler who encounters some of the people called the Rus and Ibn Fadlan said that these were some of the filthiest people he'd ever come across.
15:29
They did wash every day, but they did it in a way he really didn't approve of.
15:33
This group of men were given a bowl of water, the bowl was passed to the first person and then even spit into the same bowl, but at the end of it, he wouldn't throw the water out, he would actually pass it to the next person who do the same thing just following all the way down the line.
15:52
But if we go to Anglo-Saxon England, we've got quite a different perspective.
15:52
We have a quote from somebody called John of Wallingford who complained actually about all those Scandinavians, all those Vikings that settled in England, they caused so much trouble not only because they would comb their hair every single day, they would also change their garments often and they would have a bath every Saturday.
16:01
In that way, they actually attracted all the local women who were so much more impressed by these incoming clean Vikings and the local men they were used to.
16:31
From @sarcasmcat24, what did the Vikings look like?
16:28
And we generally speaking think of these people as quite tall and normally as in Scandinavia today, a lot of people who are blonde and have blue eyes.
16:38
We have however recently discovered through ancient DNA studies that quite a few of them actually had much darker hair, so lots of people with brown hair, even some people with brown eyes.
16:50
We have one eyewitness description from a slightly unlikely place which is the East.
17:00
This is from Ibn Fadlan who describes these people called the Rus who he meets near the Volga and he says, "I have never seen men more physically perfect than they, being tall as date palms, blonde and ruddy."
17:11
We don't actually have any pictures, we don't have any paintings and apart from some of these other sources, we don't really have the descriptions either.
17:18
It seems a bit like similar to Northern Europeans today, but not quite as stereotypical as we might imagine.
17:30
At BlackRedGuard1, what do modern Norwegians and Danes think of the Viking era?
17:32
Are they proud of that heritage or was it seen as a cruel and barbaric time?
17:38
I'm from Norway, I grew up in Norway, then moved to England and started studying the Vikings.
17:46
I have to say in Scandinavia we are very proud of the Vikings, not necessarily the actual violent part, there are some quite horrific things took place including quite extensive enslavement of people, but we have the art and the objects, the artifacts, all those trading networks, all of that is something that is seen with quite good pride actually in all those countries.
17:46
I've seen in England for example, you see it very much from the I suppose the enemy's perspective, a lot of the written records really very much talk about how the Vikings were defeated.
17:46
So you have people like Alfred the Great who's hailed as this great hero who defeated them.
17:42
In fact, I recently had to take the life in the UK citizenship test where one of the questions that comes up on the syllabus is who defeated the Vikings and the answer to that one is Alfred the Great even though it's not actually true because not very long after we have a Viking king Cnut who actually successfully takes over all of England and rules it for nearly 18 years, so really to say that Alfred defeated them.
18:41
Now we got a question from @dibleGaming, what's with all the Vikings all over social media?
18:41
Is it a trend or did a bunch of people take a 23andMe and they're super proud of their 0.13%?
18:41
The one key point here is no test of DNA can tell you that you were a Viking because that wasn't really a clear identity.
18:41
People didn't call themselves Viking, they had had quite a lot of people moving in and out of Scandinavia, they interacted with lots of other different cultures, for example, so genetics is different from identities, that's the first point.
18:41
The other is that when you go that far back, the information you get from these tests, it's a little bit meaningless because there are so many generations, you have two parents, four grandparents and then it increases exponentially.
18:41
So when you go back in time more than a thousand years, you got a vast number of ancestors, but the population at that time was really quite small.
18:41
So geneticists have worked out that you have these things called isopoints, so genetic points where actually all the people who had descendants and passed on their DNA are essentially related to all the people alive today and that point in Northern Europe is in the 10th century.
18:41
So essentially if anybody in the Viking age had children passing their DNA and you got ancestry in Northern Europe, then you're going to be related to those Scandinavians.
18:41
That makes it a little bit less meaningful and the other point is that you're not actually comparing your sample to those ancient populations directly, you're comparing it to other people, quite recent populations who live in those countries today.
20:23
It's telling you quite a lot about say the last 300 years or so, but not really about the Viking Age itself.
20:31
Thank you for watching.
20:33
This has been Viking support.